Assessment (often taking place at the end of a course or programme) leading to the attribution of a grade or a mark to the student. The results of summative assessment determine whether a student progresses to the next stage of the programme or, on completion, gains an award. Summative assessments are primarily designed to sum up what students have achieved after a period of time. Summative assessments include standardized tests delivered by examination, final projects, assignments, portfolios, etc.